Circulation patterns are clearly established by the fourth week of embryonic life. 20.6: Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation In a developing embryo,the heart has developed enough by day 21 post-fertilization to begin beating.In addition to these shared functions, many systems enjoy a unique relationship with the circulatory system. This includes the generalized and more specialized functions of transport of materials, capillary exchange, maintaining health by transporting white blood cells and various immunoglobulins (antibodies), hemostasis, regulation of body temperature, and helping to maintain acid-base balance. 20.5: Circulatory Pathways Virtually every cell, tissue, organ, and system in the body is impacted by the circulatory system.For example, when an individual is exercising, more blood will be directed to skeletal muscles, the heart, and the lungs. In a very real sense, the cardiovascular system engages in resource allocation, because there is not enough blood flow to distribute blood equally to all tissues simultaneously. 20.4: Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System To maintain homeostasis in the cardiovascular system and provide adequate blood to the tissues, blood flow must be redirected continually to the tissues as they become more active.Larger molecules can pass through the pores of fenestrated capillaries, and even large plasma proteins can pass through the great gaps in the sinusoids. Glucose, ions, and larger molecules may also leave the blood through intercellular clefts. 20.3: Capillary Exchange Glucose, amino acids, and ions-including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride-use transporters to move through specific channels in the membrane by facilitated diffusion.It also discusses the factors that impede or slow blood flow, a phenomenon known as resistance. This section discusses a number of critical variables that contribute to blood flow throughout the body. 20.2: Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance Ventricular contraction ejects blood into the major arteries, resulting in flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, as blood encounters smaller arteries and arterioles, then capillaries, then the venules and veins of the venous system.Eventually, the smallest arteries, vessels called arterioles, further branch into tiny capillaries, where nutrients and wastes are exchanged, and then combine with other vessels that exit capillaries to form venules, small blood vessels that carry blood to a vein, a larger blood vessel that returns blood to the heart. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, where it branches into ever-smaller vessels.
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